Category Archives: race

Civil Rights Tour #5 — Selma

This post was gonna have two parts — some history and then personal impressions — but it took so long to put this together, I’ll send personal impressions separately.

Did you know that there were two cancelled marches from Selma prior to the completed, successful one to Montgomery?

Background— January, 1965

Martin Luther King with SCLC joined SNCC,* the Dallas County Voters League, and other local …activists in a voting rights campaign in Selma where, in spite of repeated registration attempts by local blacks, only two percent were on the voting rolls. SCLC had chosen … Selma because they anticipated that the notorious brutality of local law enforcement …would attract national attention and pressure President Lyndon B. Johnson and Congress to enact new national voting rights legislation.King Institute at Stanford.

Spoiler alert: it worked.

February, 1965

Alabama state troopers broke up a protest in nearby Marion in February with vicious beatings. One cop shot Jimmie Lee Jackson, a young church deacon, as he tried to protect his mother from a billy club. He died eight days later (also from King Institute).

March, 1965

The first march attempt, on March 7, was organized in response to the murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson. However, it didn’t get past the Edmund Pettus Bridge. Troopers advanced against the crowd and brutally beat and gassed them. Cameras were rolling. John Lewis was among the injured.

This violent melee became known as “Bloody Sunday” and was aired on national news.

Governor Wallace used the pretext of preserving safety to deny the protesters all manner of support and a local judge put out a restraining order to prevent the march for a few more days.

As Andrew Young described in the PBS series Eyes on the Prize, since no state or federal support was forthcoming, ‘we sent out the call to people of goodwill.’

That’s when 450 white pastors, nuns, and others committed to social justice arrived from the north.

Rather immediately thugs started harassing them too. On March 7, a group of locals beat the shit out of James Reeb, a Unitarian minister from Massachusetts. Reeb died two days later.

This was galvanizing which was a good thing but it was also controversial since it made people wonder why Jimmie Lee Jackson’s death hadn’t garnered a similar response.

The second march started in spite of the judicial ban and the lack of protection but, probably for both of those reasons, it ended before even crossing the bridge. This was quite a moment. Backed by more than 2,000 protestors, Reverend Martin Luther King stopped and then knelt down to pray. The crowd behind him followed suit. He then stood, turned around, and led people off the bridge and away.

At this point in the PBS Show Bridge to Freedom, I learned that MLK had never before violated a federal order and was reluctant to do so. Also around then, President Johnson was pressuring Governor Wallace to do the right thing. When it became clear that he wouldn’t, Johnson federalized the Alabama National Guard.

[Aside: in Ava DuVernay’s powerful telling in Selma, some of the most dramatic moments were the conversations between President Johnson and MLK and the president and Wallace].

March 15

President Johnson addressed Congress with an impassioned speech about the “crippling legacy of bigotry” and called on members to draft voting rights legislation (you know — that landmark law that the Roberts court has been systematically dismantling).

President Johnson’s use of the language of liberation (“we shall overcome”) at the speech’s end was heard loud and clear and cheered by Black citizens.

MLK had been asking and asking for this legislation and Johnson kept putting him off. The time wasn’t right. He couldn’t do it so soon after the Civil Rights Act, etc. But the shared experience of watching the shameful and shocking violence on national news changed the equation.

[Aside: Think about today, where we don’t watch the same channel, making it hard for a single event to galvanize the nation. A recent exception: the nine minute video of Derek Chauvin murdering George Floyd].

The day after Johnson’s address to Congress, ‘demonstrators submitted a … march plan to Judge Johnson, who approved the demonstration and enjoined Governor Wallace and local law enforcement from harassing or threatening marchers.’ (the Stanford King Institute).

March 17

Johnson submitted voting rights legislation to Congress.

March 21

On this the third try, the march began and continued all the way to the state capitol, Montgomery. Fifty four miles. Four days. According to the King Institute, by the end there were 25,000 participants.

BTW — you know that iconic image of MLK linked arm in arm at the front of the march, with others wearing suits? That was by design. Credible death threats against King were circulating at the time and so, since ‘they can’t tell us apart’ (Andrew Young interview, Eyes on the Prize), it was decided to dress many of the men out front like the Reverend.

Sources:

The movie Selma by Ava DuVernay (Netflix)

Eyes on the Prize, Season One: The Bridge to Freedom. (you can watch on PBS. Or Prime, I think)

The Stanford King Institute.

National Geographic article full of history about the March from Selma to Montgomery, voter registration efforts, and the Montgomery bus Boycott.

You can read or listen to an interview with Andrew Young from the PBS show here.

*SCLC = Southern Christian Leadership Conference

SNCC = Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

Ava DuVernay, Origin

If you haven’t heard, Ava DuVernay has a new film out based on Isabel Wilkerson’s book CASTE. DuVernay made the interesting decision to center the telling of this book’s important messages around the figure of the author herself. I can’t wait to see it.

This interview with Lawrence O’Donnell aired last night (1/25/25).

And here’s a recent New Yorker interview:

Ava DuVernay Wants to Build a New System

One notable takeaway is that DuVernay did not produce ORIGIN through standard Hollywood channels because she believes getting this movie in front audiences this year really matters.

Writing this I was reminded of a small series of collages I made featuring a magazine photo of her a while back (photo probably from Vanity Fair). There was no attempt to represent the content of her work. It was more a visual celebration of the lushness of creativity and also the beauty of her curves. December 2022.

I’ve been meaning to watch her movie Selma for a dog’s age and since I want to watch it before posting notes from our trip there, maybe today’s the day.

It’s raw and rainy here and I am inexplicably tired though, so maybe tomorrow’s the day.

In other collage news, I’ve been noodling around with more cover and title ideas for my novel.

Title: Calico Burning? / SC marsh photo mine
My photo of McLeod Plantation behind
My photo of the famous Angel Oak

The novel has two important scenes featuring a calico dress hanging from a live oak tree, one in which it is set on fire. I worry that being so (intentionally) similar to images of lynching that it is too triggering to even consider. What do you think?

Novel Adjacent : Caesar and the Blue Jays

Noodling around with cover ideas

I don’t know about other writers, but in the course of writing my novel (set in South Carolina, 1737 to 1744), I wrote tons of extraneous passages. Sometimes I wrote to clarify my knowledge about history. Sometimes I focused on secondary characters to get a better sense of them. For a fair amount of “side pages,” I didn’t know why I wrote them or even that they were necessarily extraneous.

SPOILERS!

Anyway, here’s a scene I wrote four years ago featuring a secondary character named Caesar. It’s November 1744 and Caesar remains on the Lucas Plantation with a dozen other slaves. Eliza Lucas has gotten married and moved and Saffron, Saffron’s daughter, Maggie, and Indian Pete have run away, trying to reach a maroon sanctuary near Cane Creek west of Charleston. The scene refers to his unrequited crush on Melody (one of the main narrators) and mentions how he was hobbled for an attempt at running away (that’s when they slash your Achilles tendon, if you don’t know).

Ashley River

Caesar and the Blue Jays

He knew to look for the flattened grass chutes where the alligators slide in and out of the creek. Kept an eye out, too, for water moccasins — particularly as he ducked under branches where the snakes on occasion liked to sun themselves. Caesar walked slowly in any case, what with the slashed tendon on his left ankle.

Today, Sunday, no task. Mo and Hercules had gone fishing, taking the cypress raft hidden in the reeds east of the cabins. Mo knew the best places, Herc along for the ride. If they were lucky, there’d be chud for dinner.

He looked west — the direction Maggie had run and then Saffron, and then weeks later, Indian Pete. He traced an imaginary line from his trapped heart to their free bodies. It calmed him somehow. He tried to picture the maroon community at Cane Creek. Did they sing? Grow okra? Make benne wafers?

Of course he knew about the place, they all did. Been hearing about it for years, in fact. But ever since Saffron, Maggie, and Indian Pete had high-tailed it in that direction, it seemed more real. The substance of dream going from flimsy osnaburg to dense pluff mud.

He had another purpose that quiet morning. It was to observe the place where two drowning victims had been pulled out of the water last week — a white boy and his tag along. One of the Archer sons and Drake. Drake was the best fiddler in the Low Country, so his absence would be felt by the enslaved up and down the Ashley River — the next hullabaloo quieter, marked by the loss of him.

Word had it that the bodies were found clutching each other, one to the other. It was easy to understand why, in terror, a white boy and a grown black man might embrace for comfort, no matter how dull and stupid the white reactions. To them, a scandal. But what was less easily understood was the cause. What had flipped the boat and sent the two to their watery graves? Had to’ve been a gator and not necessarily a big or mean one either, just a hungry one. But he’d heard the bodies were intact?

To look west toward Cane Creek, as Caesar did again now, was to bump into the substance of freedom. Not a star barely visible in the night, too far off and lonesome to matter. Not a sack of coins buried with the sketchy hopes of buying manumission. But something more like a panther crying out — a haunting screech easily heard by all. “Freedom. Freedom.”

“Caesar! Caesar!”

Hobbled near to lame, there was no possible way for him to outrun patrollers or outwit the hounds. He might be foolish in love, moony still for Melody though she’d been gone for two seasons now, but not about what his body could or could not do. He could sow rice and weed it and harvest it and polish it and he could aerate the indigo vats with the long carved paddles. But the only reason he was still alive was that he’d stopped trying to run. That, and he was overseer’s favorite cussing target. Words harsh and vile were always better than the cow hide, but over time the shaming added up — like debris during freshet, when scattered leaves and branches turned into an impromptu dam.

One day one word was gonna sink Overseer’s pettiauger. Caesar would strike so fast, Mac’d never see it coming. And what with the Lucas family gone now, who would arrange his execution?

Maybe he COULD hightail it. After all, he remembered the braids on Saffron’s crown — how the turn near her ear signaled the lightning-struck tree at the head of the Choctaw trail.

He knew hunger, so he didn’t worry about that.

He hawked a pearl of spit into the creek. Resigned. “Forget it.” It’d be better to burn down the newly built barn than strike Overseer. The loss of two consecutive barns might do MacIntyre in as good as any blow to the head.

The longing to be free pulsed almost like another heart in his ribcage. If it weren’t so very familiar, so very right and real, the other heart might feel like an intruder. But the longing to be free could never be the thing that was out of place. Ever.

Slate sky. Cool air. Six months since all was upended. White lady married and moved. Mistress sailed off to the West Indies, taking with her the one woman both hearts ever loved. Melody. Who will be there to comfort her when she acutely misses Moses? Who will be there to wink and smile at the receipt of a coded letter from Philadelphia? Her son — alive and free! Phoebe, of course. Phoebe would be there.

He stood in the reeds near the new barn. It cast a bulky shadow away from him, away from the creek. It would never seem real to him, this barn. Instead, it would stand always as an imposter, a fake structure built on the poetic wreckage of Saffron’s flaming goodbye. Good lord, that’d been a day! Mac’s face so red it was as if he’d swallowed the fire. No mere reflection of the crackling conflagration, not the heat of his Highland rage arising, but fire consumed and eaten and then combusting behind the freckled planes of his face.

Now it was November. A Sunday. No task. A blue jay squawked past his shoulder and then wheeled and landed on the dock. Funny how some things endured: the dock, the tabby path to Porch House, tripods holding stew-pots over fires on the street, the quiet of sleep. Another jay zipped past. Landed.

Caesar pointed his chest west again in a direct line to where he imagined Cane Creek and the Free Wilds to be. So many possible outcomes! Maggie could’ve made it, but not Saffron or Indian Pete. Indian Pete could’ve made it and neither Saffron nor her daughter. If only one was to succeed, it would make sense it’d be Indian Pete what with his PeeDee father, the land in his blood. Maybe all three made it but the maroons had moved on — scared up into hills or slaughtered by some feckless and determined patroller wanting the bounty of two pence per scalp (with ears attached).

Caesar knew he’d never make the attempt. Not unless he could steal a horse and these days there were only two on property and what with Overseer being so proper attached, he’d sense an absence before a single, shuddering nicker of escape was made.

No, Caesar was stuck, like so many.

Being stuck was one of the very least affronts of slavery, but it still counted, and like shame, its unbearability accrued over time.

Both jays flapped off. Caesar was abandoned yet again. He had no wings, no horse, no pair of properly operating feet. Here he was on a Sunday in November under a slate-grey sky. He could stay out of trouble so that Overseer didn’t brand his face with an “R” or castrate him. He could maybe go to his grave with both ears still attached to his head. These were not nothing.

McCleod Plantation

***

Another post about maroon communities.

Two small not-resolutions

Paris Collage Collective prompt response

Do I need to lose weight? Yes. Add cardio to my weekly routines? Yes? Eat less sugar, reach out to friends more, read more? Yes, yes, and yes.

Not going there at the moment! This year I’ve landed on two discrete areas of learning — so discrete that I’m confident I can follow through. Are you ready?

Countries in Africa. It’s time I knew them and where they were.

I’ll be printing out this blank map as an aid.

Dog breeds. I don’t know why, I just want to be more conversant in the many types of dogs out there. This week: Brussels Griffon.

What can you commit to in the new year?

Paris Collage Collective collage for this week

We are all, I imagine, spooked about what lies ahead in this pivotal year. When I woke this morning and heard “2024” in my head, I felt a distinct sense of dread. Ugh. Elections. So, in the realm of grounded optimism, I’ll be:

* continuing with my weekly “Seven Sisters” half-hour phone call;

* and with the same friends, continuing to show up for our monthly Healing Circle (with anti-racism focus);

* and writing POSTCARDS TO VOTERS. I topped 1,000 cards this past year (over several years, that is). I plan to write several hundred more in 2024 and to make it less tedious, to host a couple of parties. Sitting with two others at a table of pens and stamps and addresses is actually fun.

For the next little while, by way of annual review I’ll be scrolling through my photos and sharing some of 2023. Here are a couple of screenshots to start.

PS if you get the Boston Globe, be sure to read Dave Barry’s year-in-review in Sunday’s magazine section. He is so, so funny.

Civil rights tour #4 – Montgomery continued

As stunning and moving as the Equal Justice Initiative’s Legacy Museum and National Memorial for Peace and Justice were, Montgomery offered more to see.

We visited: the Rosa Parks Museum, the Civil Rights Memorial of the Southern Poverty Law Center, Dexter AME where Rev. Martin Luther King preached, plus our hotel was not far from the site of the waterfront Montgomery River Brawl.

The Rosa Parks Museum was about to close when we got there, but since it was small and the front desk clerk was gracious, we dashed in. It houses the actual bus where Rosa Parks famously sat up front and refused to move to the rear. There is also a lot of documentary and photographic ephemera associated with the Montgomery Bus Boycott.

By this hour, my brain was a little fried, but one indelible fact popped — how supporters used vehicles like hearses or commercial vans to secretly transport protestors, many of whom had 90-minute (or longer) walks to get home after a long day of menial labor.

Why? To avoid violence of course.

This strategy reminded me of the folks trying to leave Florida during the Great Migration as described by Isabel Wilkerson.* Because white “employers” would exert undue pressure or worse to keep their cheap, indentured workforce, Black Floridians had to secretly or slowly sell their belongings and then depart surreptitiously. One person had themselves nailed into a coffin to avoid detection.

Earlier that day, we went to the Southern Poverty Law Center’s Civil Rights Memorial. You might have laughed at us circling the block a few times trying to locate the building. Around and around we went.

Unfortunately that famous and beautiful granite water feature out front was dry for repairs, but the inside, though small, did not disappoint.

You entered into a cavernous space papered with historic photos. Then a sound track started while lights illuminated relevant photos.

That table you see was dedicated to “the Martyrs.”

Next, in an auditorium a film about civil rights played, covering much of what we’d been seeing but also addressing George Floyd’s murder and the Black Lives Matter movement.

At the end, a darkened room offered memorial-goers an opportunity to add their names to a scrolling visual display of supporters. It was one of those clever interactive exhibits that pulls people in and lets them feel part of something. Or at least, it did me.

There was no place to make a donation there, which I kind of expected, but since I’ve been a card-carrying member of the SPLC since 1990, I didn’t feel too bad.

Dexter Baptist Church

Charles M. Blow: many Black people, in particular, saw it [the violent tussles] as an unfortunate but practically unavoidable response to what can feel like an unending stream of incidents in which Black people are publicly victimized, with no one willing or able to intervene or render aid.

Here’s a link to his oped with the paywall removed: New York Times Opinion.

And here’s a screen shot from Rolling Stone:

Rolling Stone link.

Anyway, I’m surprised that no one thought to artfully position a folding chair next to this statue of Rosa Parks, just blocks from the waterfront.

* The Warmth of Other Suns, the Epic Story of America’s Great Migration, by Isabel Wilkerson.